Existing primary old lists of pharaohs

The texts of existing primary old lists of pharaohs are incomplete:

• Palermo stone
• Turin Royal Canon
• Manetho's Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt)
• Abydos King List
• Karnak Tablet
• South Saqqara Stone (discovered 1923, includes dyn. 6)
• Saqqara Tablet (discovered 1861, includes dyn. 1-12)

Archibald Sayce gave comparative data on several of these lists in his book The Ancient Empires of the East (1884),^[2] in addition to the lists found in Herodotus, Diodorus, Eratosthenes, and even a fanciful list found in "the Arabic writers". Yet another fanciful list that does not appear in Sayce, is found in the Book of Sothis that George Syncellus attributed to Manetho.

Legendary period

In the texts of the Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of eight god kings that ruled Egypt in the beginning.^{[citation needed]}

Turin King List	Manetho (Egyptian equivalent)	Function
Ptah	Hephaistos (Ptah)	Craftsmen & Creation
Ra	Helios (Ra)	Sun
-	Sosis or Agathosdaimon (perhaps Sothis?) (Shu)	Air
Geb	Kronos (Geb)	Earth
Osiris	Osiris	Afterlife
Set	Typhon (Set)	Chaos
Horus	Horus	War
Thoth		Knowledge
Ma'at		Order

These god kings are followed by differing sets of semi-divine rulers.

Turin King List	Length	Manetho	Length
Second dynasty of gods	unknown	Dynasty of Halfgods	unknown
3 Achu-Dynasties	unknown	30 Kings from Memphis	1790 years
Dynasty of Disciples of Horus	unknown	10 Kings from This	350 years

Archaic period

The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms.

Early Dynastic: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt, known as the Black land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:

Name	Comments	Dates
Hsekiu[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Khayu[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Tiu[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Thesh[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Neheb[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Wazner[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	c. 3100 BC?
Mekh[3]	Only known from the Palermo stone	?
Double Falcon	Attested through finds from Sinai and Lower Egypt	c. 3200 BC ?

Early Dynastic: Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land^{[citation needed]}, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Scorpion I		Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia	c. 3200 BC?
Iry-Hor		Kingship uncertain, possibly the immediate predecessor of Ka.	c. 3150 BC?
Ka[4][5]		Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Possibly the immediate predecessor of Narmer.	c. 3100 BC
King Scorpion		Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3150 BC
Narmer		The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt.[6]	c. 3150 BC

First Dynasty

The First Dynasty ruled from approximately 3150 to 2890 BC, by some chronological schemes. (There are no precise or agreed-upon year dates for any of the Old or Middle Kingdom periods, and reign estimates differ widely from one Egyptologist to the next.)

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Narmer		Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt.	c. 3150 BC
Hor-Aha		—	c. 3050 BC
Djer		—	41 years
Djet		—	10 years[7]
Merneith		Female Regent for Den, may have ruled as pharaoh in her own right	—
Den		First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a golden Horus name.	42 years[7]
Anedjib		—	10 years
Semerkhet		—	9 years
Qa'a		—	2916?–2890 BC

In the interregnum between the first and second dynasties two short lived pharaohs may have reigned :

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Sneferka		Very short reign	c. 2900 BC
Horus Bird		Very short reign	c. 2900 BC

Second Dynasty

The Second Dynasty ruled c. 2890 — 2686 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Hotepsekhemwy[8]		—	25 - 29 years
Raneb[9]		Name may be read Nebra rather than Raneb. Could be the same person as Weneg.[10]	10 - 14 years
Nynetjer[11]		May have divided Egypt between his successors	43 - 45 years
Weneg[12]		Could be an independent ruler or the same as Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Raneb
Senedj[13]		Possibly the same person as Seth Peribsen [14]
Seth-Peribsen[15]		May have reigned over Upper Egypt only, could be the same person as Senedj or Sekhemib-Perenmaat.[16]
Sekhemib-Perenmaat		May have reigned over Upper Egypt only, could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.[16]
Khasekhem(wy)[17][18]		Reunified Egypt after a period of troubles ca. 2690 BC	17 - 18 years

Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period—or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".

Third Dynasty

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Djoser[19][20]		Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt The Step Pyramid Constructed by Djosers' chief architect and scribe Imhotep[21]	2668–2649; Radiocarbon date start reign between 2691 and 2625[22]
Sekhemkhet[23]		Imhotep participated in the construction of his unfinished step pyramid	2649–2643
Sanakhte		Could be the same as Nebka	c. 2650
Khaba	—	Built an unfinished step pyramid	2643–2637
Huni[24]		Could be the same as Qahedjet, may have started the Meidum pyramid	2637–2613

Fourth Dynasty

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Sneferu		Built the Meidum Pyramid and the Bent Pyramid (341 ft/103m from the base to the tip), which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried in the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried in the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body.	2613–2589 (24 years)
Khufu		Greek form: Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, names, and monuments have perished for one reason or another.	2589–2566
Djedefra (Radjedef)		Believed to have created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip).	2566–2558
Khafra		Greek form: Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Credited by some Egyptologists as the builder of the Great Sphinx of Giza.	2558–2532
—	–	Here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho	—
Menkaura		Greek form: Mycerinus. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza.	2532–2503
Shepseskaf		Broke with the tradition of pyramid building and instead had the Mastabat el-Fara'un made for himself	2503–2498
Djedefptah	–	Here some authorities insert Djedefptah a.k.a. Thampthis, following Manetho	—

Fifth Dynasty

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name	Image	Comments	Dates
Userkaf		Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir.	2498–2491
Sahure		Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid	2490–2477
Neferirkare Kakai		—	2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi		—	2467–2460
Neferefre		—	2460–2425
Nyuserre Ini		—	2425–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu		—	2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi	—	—	2414–2375
Unas	—	—	2375–2345

                              

Here’s the story of France with Pharaoh Ramesses. When Francisco Mitra became the president of France in 1981
1981. France requested from the Egyptian government to host the mummy of Pharaoh.
For the purpose of running laboratory and archeological examinations on the mummy of the most notorious dictator ever lived on earth. Upon arrival, a very royal attendants were there including the French president himself and all ministers who bowed in honor for the mummy. When the ceremony ended, the mummy was carried to a specially-designed section at the Archeology Centre of France. Were it started to be tested by the greatest French archeological and anatomical scientists in order to discover more about such a great mummy. The scientists were headed by Professor Maurice Bucaille. Scientists were trying to restore the mummy while Professor Maurice was mainly concerned with how did this mummy die! .
The final report of the scientists was released late at night which states that the remaining salt in the mummy is an overt evidence that it was drawn in the sea, and the body was rescued very shortly where it was immediately embalmed to be saved. An amazing thing was still confusing Professor Maurice is that how could this body possibly be safer than any other mummy despite being taken out of the sea up until this time.
Professor Maurice was writing his final report on what he thought would be a new discovery about saving Pharaoh’s body immediately after his death and embalming it.
And there, someone whispered to him that Muslims claim to know something about the drowning of this mummy. Yet the Professor firmly denied such thing saying that it’s impossible to discover this without the development of science and without using his high-tech and complicated laboratories and computers.
To his surprise, he was told that Muslims believe in a book called “Quran” and this Quran narrates the story of Pharaoh’s drowning and ensures the safety of his body after his death as to be a Sign to mankind. The Professor couldn’t believe his own ears and started to wonder, How can a book existed 1400 years ago speak about the mummy that was only found100 years ago, in 1898!! How can that be possible while the ancient Egyptian heritage was discovered only a few decades ago and no one knew about it before!!
The Professor sat down pondering on what he was told about the book of Muslims while his Holy Book narrates only the drowning of Pharaoh without saying anything about his body “Is it possible that this mummy in front of me is the one who was chasing Moses!!” “Is it possible that Muhammad knew this 1400 years ago!!”
The Professor couldn’t sleep that night till they brought him the Old Testament where he read: “the sea drowned Pharaoh and his army, no one else was left alive” He was surprised that the Holy Book didn’t mention about the destiny of the body and that it will be saved
When the scientists were done with the mummy, France retuned it to Egypt, but Professor Maurice couldn’t rest for a moment since he was told that Muslims know about the safety of the body. So, he decided to travel and meet anatomy Muslim scientists and there he spoke about his discovery of the safety of the mummy after its death in the sea and so on.
One of the Muslim scientists stood up and simply opened the Quran and pointed to the Professor at one verse:
“This day shall We save you in your body, that you may be a Sign to those who come after you! But verily, many among mankind are neglectful of Our Signs”
The Professor was struck when he read that and immediately stood in front of the crowd and said loudly: “I believe in Islam, I believe in Quran”
Then he went back to France with a different face he traveled with. In France, he dedicated 10 years investigating the scientific discoveries and comparing them with the Quran and trying to come up with one scientific contradiction with the Quran. Finally he quoted one verse from the Quran to be his conclusion:
“No falsehood can approach it (this book) from before or behind it: it is sent down by One Full of Wisdom, Worthy of all praise”
As a result of all years of his research, Professor Maurice wrote a book that shook all Europe, especially the scientists there
“Quran, Torah, Bible and Science: A Study of the Holy Books in the Light of Modern Science”
All copies were sold out at a very short time
In another chapter in the Quran:
“When Moses came to them with Our clear Signs, they said: This is nothing but sorcery faked up: never did we hear the like among our fathers of old!
Moses said: “My Lord knows best who it is that comes with guidance from Him and whose end will be best in the Hereafter: certain it is that the wrong-doers will not prosper.
“Pharaoh said: “O Chiefs! No god do I know for you but myself: therefore, O Haman! Light me a (kiln to bake bricks) out of clay, and build me a lofty palace, that I may mount up to the god of Moses: but as far as I am concerned, I think (Moses) is a lair!”
And he was arrogant and insolent in the land, beyond reason, – he and his hosts: they thought they would not have to return to Us!
So We seized his and his hosts, and We flung them into the sea: now behold what was the end of those who did wrong!
And We made them (but) leaders inviting to the Fire; and on the Day of Judgment no help shall they find.
In this world We made a curse to follow them: and on the Day of Judgment they will be among the loathed (and despised).”
“Has not the time arrived for the Believers that their hearts in all humility should engage in the remembrance of Allah and the Truth which has been revealed to them, and that they should not become like those to whom was given Revelation aforetime, but long ages passed over them and their hearts grew hard For many among them are rebellious transgressors.
Know you (all) that Allah gives life to the earth after its death! Already have We shown the Signs plainly to you, that you may learn wisdom.
For those who give in charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beatiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credits), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward.
And those who believe in Allah and His messengers- they are the Sincere (lovers of Truth), and the Witnesses (who testify), in the eyes of their Lord: they shall have their Reward and their Light.